DICTIONARY
Common terms & acronyms used in wireless industry
2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x
2G - 2nd Generation -
Second-generation digital cellular networks used by mobile phones, designed as a replacement for analog first-generation radio (1G). Designed primarily for voice using digital standards.
3G - 3rd Generation -
Third-generation wireless mobile telecommunications technology, required by International Mobile Telecommunications for the year 2000 (IMT-2000) standard from International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to support at least 200 kbps at peak rate. First mobile broadband utilizing IP protocols added text and image messaging to voice phone calls.
3GPP - 3rd Generation Partnership Project -
A mobile communications industry collaboration that organizes the development and management of mobile communications standards. With respect to 5G, 3GPP is managing the evolving 5G standards.
4G - 4th Generation -
Fourth-generation mobile telecommunications technology,
designed to succeed 3G. A mobile broadband standard
designed to support an all Internet Protocol (IP) network for
calls, video, data, and web access. The performance goals of
4G are 100 Mbps for high-speed mobile applications such as
automobiles, and 1 Gbps for low-mobility use cases including
pedestrians and fixed-location access.
5G - 5th Generation -
Fifth-generation of mobile telecommunications technology,
required by International Mobile Telecommunications for the
year 2020 (IMT-2020) standard to support an all Internet
Protocol (IP) network. Supports faster data rates, higher
connection density, and much lower latency.
AAT - Antenna Array Tool -
Software tool for embedding antenna parameters and radiation
patterns in test scenarios.
ACLR - Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio -
The ratio of the transmitted power on the assigned channel to the
power received on the adjacent channel after passing through a root
raised-cosine filter.
ACP - Adjacent Channel Power -
The power contained in a frequency channel next to the
specified channel.
ACPR - Adjacent Channel Power Ratio -
The ratio of the power contained in a specified frequency
channel bandwidth relative to the total carrier power.
AM Distortion -
Undesirable distortion caused by amplitude variation in a
communications system.
AM/PM Distortion -
Undesirable distortion that causes signal degradation in
a communications system, typically as the result of the
interaction between an amplifier’s phase response and the
power level (or amplitude) of the input signal.
AMF - Access And Mobility Management Function -
A component of the 3GPP core network architecture that
manages user equipment registration, authentication,
identification, and mobility. AMF also terminates non-access
stratum signaling.
Antenna Reciprocity -
A theory that states that the transmit properties of an antenna
will be identical to the receive properties of that antenna in a
given medium.
AUSF - Authentication Server Function -
A major component of the 5G core network used to facilitate
security processes. The AUSF authenticates UEs and stores
authentication keys.
AWG - Arbitrary Waveform Generator -
Electronic equipment used to generate signals for injection into
a device under test (DUT) to characterize its performance.
AWS - Advanced Wireless Services -
Wireless spectrum band used to transmit data and voice services. It uses frequencies 1700 MHz for uplink and 2100 MHz for downlink
Backhaul -
The part of the network responsible for transporting
communication data between the baseband unit (BBU) and
the core network. Connects smaller outlying networks with the
core network. Backhaul was often proprietary in earlier cellular
generations but is moving to ethernet in 5G.
Base Station Network Emulator -
A tool for simulating protocol and network traffic in a test
environment. Works in concert with UE emulation and channel
emulation to provide an end-to-end system for testing and
measuring 5G network performance at scale.
BBU - Baseband Unit -
A component of the base station. Equipment which handles
radio communications and radio control processing functions.
The baseband unit converts data into a digital signal and sends it on to the remote radio head (RRH), which then converts it into
an analog signal. In a C-RAN architecture, the baseband unit is
usually geographically separated from the radio head.
BDA - Bi-Directional Amplifier -
BDA’s boost wireless cellular signals and are commonly used as part of over-the-air DAS systems deployed in smaller venues
Beam Acquisition -
The process of discovering and connecting with UEs. This
process is substantially changing in 5G with the deployment of
highly directional antenna arrays and beamforming techniques.
Beam Steering -
A set of techniques used to focus the direction and shape of a
radiation pattern. In wireless communications, beam steering
changes the direction of the signal and narrows the width of
the transmitted signal, typically by manipulating relative phase
and amplitude shifts of the signal through an array of multiple
antenna elements.
Beamforming -
The method of applying relative phase and amplitude shifts to
each antenna element to shape and provide discrete control
of the direction of a transmitted beam. Beamforming requires
communication channel feedback to implement real-time
control of the beam.
BTS - Base Transceiver Station -
A high power radio-frequency station deployed by carriers for iDAS and oDAS installations
C-RAN - Centralized Radio Access Network -
A radio access network (RAN) architecture that separates
baseband functions from antennas and remote radio heads
(RRH) and pools baseband functions in centralized baseband
units (BBU). A competing architecture to multi-access edge
computing (MEC).
Carrier Aggregation -
A major feature introduced with LTE-Advanced, enabling
mobile network operators to combine multiple carriers in
fragmented spectrum bands to increase peak user data rates
and overall capacity of the network.
CATR - Compact Antenna Test Range -
Equipment for testing of antennas at frequencies when difficult
to obtain far-field spacing. The CATR uses the 3GPP-approved
indirect far-field (IFF) test method to overcome the path loss
and excessive far-field distance issues associated with 5G
cellular communications.
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access -
The CDMA air interface is used in both 2G and 3G networks. It's a "spread spectrum" technology, allowing many users to occupy the same time and frequency allocations in a given band/space. (Source: www.cdg.org)
CE - Channel Emulator -
Electronic equipment that enables real-time performance
testing of wireless devices and base stations. Channel
emulators simulate the impairments of real-world radio channel
conditions to validate the performance of base stations,
chipsets, and devices.
Cell Tower -
Physical location of electronic communications equipment,
including antennas to support cellular communication in a network.
CIR - Channel Impulse Response -
The correlation of the received signal against the transmitted
signal during testing.
CoMP - Coordinated Multipoint -
A technique where multiple base stations can coordinate
downlink transmission (from base station (BS) to user
equipment (UE)) and uplink transmission (UE to BS) to improve
the overall reliability and performance.
Control Plane -
The part of a network that carries information that establishes
and controls the network. It controls the flow of user
information packets between network interfaces.
Core Network -
The part of the network that provides services to mobile
subscribers through the radio access network (RAN). It is also the gateway to other networks, for instance to the public-
switched telephone network or public clouds.
COW - Cell on Wheels -
A mobile cell site designed to increase existing cellular capacity during a large event like an outdoor concert
CP-OFDM - Cyclic Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing -
An orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
technique that uses cyclic prefixes (CP) instead of null guards,
protecting OFDM signals from intersymbol interference (ISI).
CPE - Common Phase Error -
A measurement of noise in orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM). CPE describes the average of the phase
noise sequence spanning an OFDM symbol.
CPRI - Common Public Radio Interface -
An interface specification standard that defines a layer-1 and
layer-2 interface for connecting radio equipment such as radio
heads on towers to other radio equipment control infrastructure
located at the base of the tower or in a centralized facility.
CRS - Cell-Specific Reference Signal -
A signal transmitted to estimate the channel between the
base station and the user equipment as a reference point for
downlink power.
CSI - Channel State Information -
Refers to known properties of a communication link. 5G
NR specifies a new beam management framework for CSI
acquisition to reduce coupling between measurements and
reporting to control different beams dynamically.
CUPS - Control User Plane Separation -
Foundational concept for 5G networks that enables operators
to independently scale the control plane and user plane of the
mobile network as needed.
CWDM - Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing -
An optical technology that typically allows up to eight separate signals over a single strand of fiber optic cable using different wavelengths. This technology is useful in linking DAS Head-Ends with a BTS hotel location
DAS - Distributed Antenna System -
DAS is a network of antennas designed to provide coverage (wireless signals) to an area with little or no otherwise coverage. This could be inside a building or a small defined geographic region.
Date Plane -
The part of a network through which user packets are
transmitted. It is often included in diagrams and illustrations to
give a visual representation of user traffic. Also known as the
user plane, forwarding plane, or carrier plane.
DFF - Direct Far Field -
An over-the-air (OTA) test method used in 5G that involves
mounting the device under test (DUT) on a positioner that
rotates in azimuth and elevation. This process enables
measurement of the DUT at any angle on the full 3D sphere.
The DFF method can perform the most comprehensive tests
measuring multiple signals and requires a larger test chamber
for mmWave devices.
DFT-s-OFDM – Discrete Fourier Transform Spread Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing -
An optional modulation format used in the uplink in 5G NR.
DFT-s-OFDM uses the mathematical concept of discrete
Fourier transform to encode digital data on multiple frequency channels in a frequency division multiplexing scheme, increasing
bandwidth, and decreasing response time.
DL - Downlink -
The path of transmission from the base station to the user
equipment (UE). In 5G, the DL waveform is orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (OFDM).
DUT - Device Under Test -
Device under test (DUT), equipment under test (EUT), system
under test (SUT) and unit under test (UUT) are terms used to
refer to a device undergoing measurement procedures.
DWDM - Dense Wave Division Multiplexing -
An optical technology that allows for more than eight separate signals over a single strand of fiber optic cable. It is usually reserved for digital data transmission.
E-UTRAN - Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network -
A new radio interface specified by the 3GPP consortium
and introduced with LTE in 2008. It was designed to meet
ever-increasing data transfer rates while reducing the radio
operation latency.
EIRP - Effective Isotropic Radiated Power -
An IEEE standardized definition for the measurement of the
radiated power of an antenna in a specific direction.
eLTE eNB -
An evolved 4G eNodeB (or eNB) that can support connectivity to the 4G evolved packet core (EPC) as well as the 5G next-
generation core network (NGC or NGCN).
eMBB - Enhanced Mobile Broadband -
One of three primary use cases defined in the IMT-2020 vision.
Enhanced Mobile Broadband refers to target 5G peak and
average data rates, capacity, and coverage as compared to
conventional mobile broadband (MBB). eMBB specifies a 5G
design capable of supporting up to 20 Gbps in the downlink,
and 10 Gbps in the uplink.
EN-DC – E-UTRAN New Radio – Dual Connectivity -
A term for the simultaneous 4G LTE and 5G NR connectivity
prescribed by 3GPP Release 15. EN-DC enables user
equipment to connect simultaneously to an LTE base station
and a 5G base station.
eNB - Evolved Node B -
An Advanced Base Transceiver Station (BTS) with an integrated controller, allowing for faster response times
EPC - Evolved Packet Core -
The core network of the 4G LTE system, the EPC features a
flat architecture to handle voice and data efficiently. It requires a few network nodes to be involved in the handling of traffic.
EPC serves as an anchor in initial implementations of 5G fixed
wireless access (FWA).
EPS - Evolved Packet System -
Evolved end-to-end-architecture composed of the base
station and evolved packet core (EPC) that enables 4G mobile
communication.
ERAN - Enterprise Radio Access Network -
RAN consists of small cell network platform used to densify carrier networks
ERTA - Extended Range Transmission Analysis -
A technique used to measure the scalar transmission gain or
loss of an RF system.
EVM - Error Vector Magnitude -
Error vector magnitude is a measurement used to quantify
the quality of a digital radio signal. The measurement is a
representation of how far the actual signal deviates from an
ideal representation of that same signal.
FBMC - Filter Bank Multicarrier -
A form of multicarrier modulation that deploys without
synchronization of mobile user nodes signals. It offers better
usage of available channel capacity, higher data rates within
a given spectrum bandwidth, and higher spectrum efficiency.
FBMC is considered inferior to orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) in handling multiple-input / multiple-output
(MIMO) channels.
FD-MIMO - Full Dimension MIMO -
A MIMO technique added to the 3GPP specification with LTE-
Advanced Pro (Release 13). FD-MIMO extends MIMO concepts to work in three dimensions: azimuth (horizontal), control (range),
and elevation (vertical).
FDD - Frequency Division Duplex -
FDD requires two separate communications channels. Most cell-phone systems use FDD. The newer LTE and 4G systems use FDD. Cable TV systems are fully FDD. (Source: Electronic Design)
FDD - Frequency Division Duplex -
Using two different radio frequencies for transmitter and receiver
operation to establish a full-duplex communications link.
FPY - First Pass Yield -
Metric describing the number of finished units compared to the
number of units that went into the manufacturing process. FPY
is a critical metric for device makers and is likely to decline with
the complexities of 5G.
FR1 - Frequency Range 1 -
One of two frequency ranges prescribed by 5G NR. FR1 covers
sub-6 GHz frequency bands, including some used by previous
standards. FR1 also covers potential new spectrum offerings
between 410 MHz and 7125 MHz.
FR2 - Frequency Range 2 -
The second of two frequency ranges prescribed by 5G NR;
FR2 includes the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies
between 24.25 GHz and 52.6 GHz. Bands in FR2 have a
shorter range and higher available bandwidth compared to
bands in FR1.
Fronthaul -
Refers to links in the C-RAN that connect radio equipment at
the tower with centralized radio controllers (radio equipment
control). Fronthaul data is generally transported over fiber optics
using the CPRI (common public radio interface) standard. Each
manufacturer has a proprietary overlay to CPRI that exclusively
requires that vendor’s equipment on both ends of the link.
FWA - Fixed Wireless Access -
A type of wireless broadband data communication between two
fixed locations and connected through wireless access points
and equipment.
GCF - Global Certification Forum -
An independent organization that provides certification for
mobile phones and wireless devices that use 3GPP standards.
gNB - gNodeB -
5G wireless base stations that transmit and receive
communications between the user equipment and the
mobile network.
GPRS - General Packet Radio Services -
A packet-based wireless communication standard for delivering
data to mobile devices via a cellular connection.
GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications -
It's a cellular technology used to transmit voice and data. GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz bands in Europe and the 1.9GHz and 850MHz bands in the US. (Source: www.gsma.com)
Harmonic -
A signal at a frequency that is an integer multiple of another
reference signal. The respective harmonic signal can be
termed as 2f, 3f and so on where f is the frequency of the
reference signal.
HD - Half Duplex -
A two-party communication system for exchanging voice or
data, where only one node can speak at a time.
HetNet - Heterogeneous Network -
A system of network coverage consisting of many components, possibly including macrocells, small cells, oDAS and iDAS. A HetNet is designed to increase network density and add capacity for better user experience in a given area such as a city center
HSPA - High Speed Packet data Access -
It's an updgrade to WCDMA networks (both FDD, and TDD) used to increase packet data performance (Source: www.3gpp.org)
HSS - Home Subscriber Server -
Common database of subscriber information, keeps
authentication information as well as permissions (e.g.,
authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) server).
ICI- Intercerrier Interference -
Channel variations during an orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) sequence caused by carrier frequency
offsets, channel time variation, and sampling frequency offsets.
ICI degrades the performance of OFDM transmissions.
iDAS - Indoor Distributed Antenna System -
DAS deployed in an indoor setting
IFBW - Intermediate Frequency Bandwidth -
The bandwidth of the frequency that a carrier wave shifts to as
an intermediate step in transmission or reception.
IFF - Indirect Far Field -
A test method approved by 3GPP to overcome path loss and
excessive far-field distance involved in 5G cellular communications.
IMEI - International Mobile Equipment Identity -
A number that uniquely identifies 3GPP mobile devices. Used
by the telecommunications network to identify valid devices in
case of loss or theft.
IMSI - International Mobile Subscriber Identity -
A unique number that identifies the subscriber identification
module (SIM) card present in the device belonging to a subscriber.
IMT-2020 – International Mobile Telecommunications-2020 -
A standard that sets the requirements for 5G networks, devices,
and services. IMT-2020 was developed by the International
Telecommunications Union (ITU) Radiocommunication Sector
in 2015. The ITU is a United Nations agency responsible for
information and communications technologies.
ISI - Intersymbol Interference -
Signal distortion caused when one or more symbols interfere
with other symbols. Caused by amplitude and phase dispersion
in the channel due to multipath propagation or non-linear
frequency response.
ITU - International Telecommunication Union -
A United Nations agency responsible for information and
communications technologies. The ITU — formerly called the
International Telegraph Union — is the oldest global international
organization, established in 1865. The ITU created the standard
that sets forth the requirements for 5G networks, devices, and
services known as IMT-2020.
KPIs - Key Performance Indicators -
Metrics that quantify how mobile phones and other user
equipment performs on a network.
Layer 1 -
The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model has seven layers:
Layer-1 is the Physical Layer and governs the transmission of
data in a point to point or broadcast connection, with a focus
on electrical, optical, or RF transmission properties.
Layers 2/3 -
The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model has seven layers:
Layer-2 is the Data Link layer and Layer-3 is the Network layer.
Together they are responsible for setting up connectivity between
hosts, framing the information, and routing information to the right
destination. Each layer serves the layer above it and is served by
the layer below it.
Layers 4-7 -
The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model has seven layers:
Layers 4-7 implement data exchange between relatively distant
systems. Layer-4 is the Transport, Layer 5 is the Session layer,
Layer-6 is the Presentation layer, and Layer-7 is the Application
layer. Each layer serves the layer above it and is served by the
layer below it.
LO - Local Oscillator -
An electronic component used for changing the frequency of
a signal.
LoS - Line of Sight -
Refers to a system where transmitter and receiver are in
view of each other without any obstruction. AM/FM radio, satellite transmission, and police radar are examples of line-
of-sight communication.
LTE - Long Term Evolution -
High speed wireless data network and standard
LTE U - Advanced LTE Unlicensed -
Describes Advanced LTE deployments in unlicensed spectrum such as 5 GHz range
LTE-Advanced - Long-Term Evolution Advanced -
Also known as “LTE Release 10,” LTE-A is one of the two
mobile communication platforms officially designated by
the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as the first
4G technology (the other is LTE-Advanced Pro). It specifies
data rates of 500 Mbps maximum upload speed and 1 Gbps
maximum download speed with a latency (round-trip) of 5 ms.
LTE-Advanced Pro - Long-Term Evolution Advanced Pro -
Also known as 4.5G, 4.5G Pro, 4.9G, pre-5G, its feature
functionality is defined in 3GPP Release 13 and 14. An evolution of Long Term Evolution (LTE) with speeds up to 1 Gbps. LTE-
Advanced Pro incorporates new functionality including 256 QAM, FD-MIMO, LTE-Unlicensed, LTE IoT, and other technologies to
evolve existing networks towards the 5G standard.
LTE-LAA - Long-Term Evolution Licensed Assisted Access -
Part of 3GPP Release 13 and a feature of LTE Advanced Pro.
It uses carrier aggregation in both the unlicensed (5 GHz)
and licensed spectrums to increase peak user data rates and
overall capacity of the network.
Massive MIMO -
An extension of MIMO, using more transmit and receive
antennas to increase transmission gain and spectral efficiency.
There is currently no set minimum scale, though a system
with greater than 8 transmit and 8 receive antenna is generally
considered the threshold for massive.
MC- Multicarrier -
Process of splitting data into multiple components and
transmitting via separate carrier signals. This method offers
reduced susceptibility to several effects that can degrade
signal integrity, including multipath fading, interference caused
by impulse noise, and inter-symbol interference.
MCC - Mobile Country Code -
A unique identifier used in conjunction with a mobile network
code (MNC) to identify a mobile network operator.
MCO - Metro Cell Outdoor -
A LTE node manufactured by Alcatel Lucent and deployed as a Small Cell. MCO can be used both in and outdoors
MEC - Multi-Access Edge Computing -
A network architecture where more processing, especially for
latency-sensitive applications, stays closer to the edge of the
mobile network. A competing architecture to Centralized RAN
(C-RAN).
MIMO - Multiple Input / Multiple Output -
An antenna diversity technique using multiple antennas on
both the transmit side and receive side to take advantage of
multi-path propagation and improve the quality and reliability of
wireless communication.
MIPI - Mobile Industry Processor Interface -
A collection of more than 45 standard mobile industry
specifications designed to accelerate development of mobile
and mobile-influenced products, most commonly used in
mobile handsets.
mMTC - Massive Machine-Type Communications -
One of three primary 5G use cases defined in the IMT-2020
vision, massive machine-type communications supports 5G
IoT use cases with billions of connected devices and sensors.
The use case is characterized by low bandwidth and infrequent
bursts of data, requiring long-life batteries.
mmWave -
The band of spectrum between 30 GHz and 300 GHz where
the wavelength is on the order of millimeters. Between the microwave and infrared spectrums, mmWave is used for high-
speed wireless communications.
MNC - Mobile Network Code -
A unique identifier used in conjunction with a mobile country
code (MCC) to identify a mobile network operator.
mRBS - Micro Radio Base Station -
A low-power base station manufactured by Ericcson and deployed as an element of Small Cell infrastructure. mRBS is connected to a wireless carrier’s central office via an Ethernet connection
MRO - Metro Radio Outdoor -
A radio node manufactured by Alcatel Lucent and deployed as a Small Cell. MRO can be used both in and outdoors. It has built-in baseband unit that does CPRI to RF and RF to CPRI conversion.
mRRUS - Micro Remote Radio Unit -
A remote low-power radio node manufactured by Ericcson. mRRUS are deployed as an element of Small Cell infrastructure. mRRUS is connected to a digital radio base station using CPRI protocol
MU - Measurement Uncertainty -
A statistical representation of the accuracy of a measurement.
MU-MIMO - Multiple User, Multiple Input / Multiple Output -
An application of multiple-input / multiple-output (MIMO)
technologies where the base station communicates with two or
more UEs simultaneously.
NEF - Network Exposure Function -
A function of the 3GPP core network architecture that provides
a means to securely expose capabilities and events. NEF stores the received information as structured data and exposes
it to other network functions.
NEMs - Network Equipment Manufacturers -
Firms that build network equipment for service providers to
manage their networks.
NF - Noise Figure -
A figure used by RF engineers to determine the degradation in the signal-to-noise ratio in a wireless network, measured in decibels (dB). Lower NF values indicate a highly performing network. This is especially true for LTE
NFTF - Near-Field to Far-Field Transform -
A method for over-the-air (OTA) mmWave testing that samples
the phase and amplitude of the electrical field in the near
region and uses math to predict the far-field pattern. While
this is a compact, low-cost method, it is subject to transmitter
interference that impacts measurement accuracy.
NGC/NGCN – Next Generation Core / Next Generation Core Network -
The 5G next generation core network. NGC or NGCN is
the part of the network that provides services to mobile
subscribers through the radio access network (RAN). It is also the gateway to other networks, for instance to the public-
switched telephone or to public clouds.
NLOS - Non-Line of Sight -
An RF signal path that is obscured by obstacles. Common
causes for non-line-of-sight include obstacles such as
buildings, trees, hills, and mountains.
NR - New Radio -
Shorthand for “5G NR.” 5G NR is the standard for a new
OFDM-based air interface designed to support 5G devices,
services, deployments, and spectrum. NR is used to describe
5G in the same way LTE is used to describe 4G. The 3GPP has
three areas of focus for 5G NR: Enhanced mobile broadband
(eMBB), massive machine-type communications (mMTC), and
ultra-reliable low-latency communications (uRLLC).
NRF - Network Repository Function -
A component of the 3GPP architecture that provides service
discovery between individual network functions.
NSA NR - Non-Standalone NR -
A 5G network deployment that uses existing 4G LTE radio and
evolved packet core network control plane but also allows
carriers to begin early trials using 5G UEs and 5G data (or
user) plane.
NSSF - Network Slice Selection Function -
3GPP architecture function that selects the set of network slice
instances serving the user equipment and determines which
access and mobility management function to use.
Numerology -
Refers to how cellular communications waveforms are created
based on underlying structures. The 5G NR specification
permits flexible numerology, meaning the OFDM frame can
have variable subcarrier spacing, symbol timing, and flexible
usage of symbol slots. 5G NR permits different numerologies
to be transmitted on the same carrier frequency.
NV IOT – Network Vendor Interoperability Testing -
Testing among vendors of network hardware and software to
verify the interfaces between their network elements prior to
software release in operator networks.
OBW - Occupied Bandwidth -
The bandwidth containing 99% of the total integrated power
of the transmitted spectrum, centered on the assigned
channel frequency.
oDAS - Outdoor Distributed Antenna System -
DAS Deployed in an outdoor setting
OFDM – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing -
A frequency division multiplexing scheme encoding digital data
on multiple frequency channels to increase bandwidth and
decrease response time. OFDM techniques allow for densely
packed sub-carriers without the need for guard bands and
filters, increasing spectral efficiency and simplifying electronic
design. OFDM is especially good in severe channel conditions
where narrowband interference exists.
OQAM - Offset Quadrate Amplitude Modulation -
A group of digital modulation schemes that conveys two digital
bit streams by modulation the amplitude of carrier waves. The
carrier waves are of the same frequency but out of phase with
each other by 90 degrees, enabling simple demodulation at the
receiver.
OTA - Over-The-Air -
Testing the RF performance, demodulation, or RRM (radio
resource management) through the air interface, versus a
cabled connection; often performed in an anechoic chamber.
P-OFDM - Pulse-Shaped Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex -
An orthogonal frequency division multiplexing scheme
that uses pulse-shaped multicarrier waveforms, offering
comparatively high waveform robustness with low out-of-band
emissions and interference.
PAPR - Peak to Average Power Ratio -
The ratio of the peak power of a signal to that signal’s
average power.
PCF – Policy control function -
Element of the 3GPP core network architecture that provides
policy rules to control plane functions.
PGW - Packet Date Network Gateway -
Equipment in the 4G LTE evolved packet core which connects
the LTE network to other packet data networks.
Phased Array Antenna -
Phased array antennas are a means of creating narrow beams
and dynamically pointing them in the desired direction without
mmWave antennas used for 5G base stations and UEs. A
phased array antenna is formed by an array of smaller antenna
elements, such as individual patches or dipoles. By varying the
relative phases and amplitudes of the signals applied to the
individual elements, the antenna array can shape and steer a
beam in a chosen direction.
Picocell -
A small cellular base station that is an alternative to a repeater
or distributed antenna system to improve mobile phone
reception indoors.
PIM - Passive Intermodulation -
PIM occurs when passive components such as diplexers and couplers are used to channel multiple wireless signals. Lower PIM ratings indicate an overall high quality network. PIM is tested and measured in dBc (decibels relative to the carrier). Measurements below -150 dBc are considered low, although some carriers now require passive components to be rated in the -160 dBc range
PoE - Power over Ethernet -
Low voltage power transmission using traditional Ethernet cables like RJ45 or Cat5
PSS - Primary Synchronization Signal -
The second component of the synchronization signal block
used for synchronizing user equipment with a base station.
PTCRB - PCS Type Certification Review Board -
A certification forum established by major North American
service providers.
QAM - Quadrature Amplitude Modulation -
A modulation scheme with both digital and analog components.
QAM doubles the effective bandwidth by combining two
amplitude-modulated waveforms onto a single carrier.
QoE - Quality of Experience -
A measure of the overall level of customer satisfaction with
the network as measured by various success factors including
ease of use, reliability, security, and cost.
QoS - Quality of Service -
A measure of the network’s ability to achieve specific
performance thresholds for latency, error rate, and uptime.
RACH - Random Access Channel -
A channel shared among wireless devices to access the mobile
network for call setup and data transmission bursts such as
text messages.
RAN - Radio Access Network -
The part of the telecommunications network that connects
user equipment to other parts of a mobile network via a radio
connection. Connects user equipment to the core network.
RAT - Radio Access Technology -
The underlying physical connection method for a radio-based
communication network. Modern phones may support several
RATs in one device such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC (Near-Field
Communications), and 3G, 4G or LTE, and 5G.
RRH - Remote Radio Head -
The component of a base station responsible for converting
the digital signal into an analog signal for transmission. The
remote radio head is usually located on the tower in proximity
to the antenna(s) to minimize signal loss.
RRM - Radio Resource Management -
The management of radio resources and transmission
characteristics such as modulation scheme, transmit power,
beamforming, user allocation, data rates, handover criteria,
and error coding scheme.
RRU - Remote Radio Unit -
A radio node deployed as part of an iDAS infrastructure. RRUs are usually connected with a DAS Head-End via fiber optic cable. Each DAS Head-End can support multiple RRUs depending on the installation type
RSRP - Reference Signal Received Power -
RSRP is the linear average of reference singal power (in Watts) across the specified bandwidth (in number of REs). This is the most important item UE has to measure for cell selection, reselection and handover. (Source: www.sharetechnote.com)
Rx - Recieve -
In wireless communications, the process of converting
incoming transmissions into perceptible communications.
SBA - Service-Based Architecture -
Type of architecture standardized by 3GPP for 5G core
networks. The 3GPP defines an SBA to include service-based
interfaces between control plane functions, with user plane
functions connecting over point-to-point links.
SC - Single Carrier -
A transmission that uses a single radio frequency carrier to
transmit all data.
SDN - Software-Defined Networking -
An approach using open protocols for remote configuration of
network switches and routers.
SE - Spectral Efficiency -
SE measures how densely channels can be packed into a frequency spectrum. Higher density means more information can be transmitted. Also known as spectrum or bandwidth efficiency
SEM - Spectrum Emissions Mask -
A relative measurement of the out-of-channel emissions to the
in-channel power. SEM measurements calculate the excess
emissions that interfere with other channels or systems.
SFI - Slot Form Indicator -
Indicates how each of the orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) symbols within a given slot is used. The
SFI denotes whether a given OFDM symbol in a slot is used for
uplink or downlink, or if it is flexible.
SFP - Small Form Pluggable Transceiver -
An optical transceiver used to transmit digital wireless data over a fiber optic network
SINR - Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio -
A ratio used by wireless RF engineers to determine the quality of a wireless network. It relates a particular transmitter antenna’s signal power to the total power received by all receiver antennas in the system with the noise in the system
SISO - Single In Single Out -
SISO is a type of antenna configuration using only one antenna, as opposed to MIMO, which uses several antennas and is faster
Small Cell - Small Cell -
A network of radio access nodes designed to increase the density of a wireless network Enclosures are typically no larger than 17 cubic feet, with antennas no taller than 3 feet. Range is generally from 10 to several hundred meters. Examples of small cell equipment includes MRO, MCO, mRRUS and mRBS
SMF - Session Management Function -
A fundamental element of the 5G service-based architecture
(SBA) that establishes and manages sessions. It also selects
and controls the user plane function and handles paging.
SNIR - Signal-To-Noise And Interference Ratio -
The power of the signal divided by the sum of interference
power from competing signals and the power of the background
noise present. SINR is used to describe the theoretical upper
limit of channel capacity.
SNR - Signal-To-Noise Ratio -
The ratio of the strength of the signal to interference usually
expressed in decibels.
SON - Self Organizing Networks -
SON solutions can be divided into three categories: Self-Configuration, Self-Optimisation and Self-Healing. The SON architecture can be a centralized, distributed or a hybrid solution (Source: www.3GPP.org)
SS-RSRP - Synchronization Signal Reference Signal Received Power -
The average of the power of the resource elements that carry
the synchronization signal.
SS-RSRQ - Synchronization Signal Reference Signal Received Quality -
A measurement of the received quality of the synchronization
signal.
SS-SINR - Synchronization Signal Signal-To-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio -
The power of the synchronization signal divided by the sum of
the interference from competing signals and the background
noise present.
SSS - Secondary Synchronization Signal -
The second component of the synchronization signal block
used for synchronizing user equipment with a base station.
Standalone NR -
A 5G network deployment configuration where the gNB
does not need any 4G assistance for connectivity to the core
network; the 5G UE connects to the 5G next generation core
network (NGC or NGCN).
SU-MIMO - Single User, Multiple Input / Multiple Output -
An application of multiple input and multiple output (MIMO)
technologies for wireless communication, in which the base
station communicates with only one UE during the allotted
time slice.
TDD - Time Division Duplex -
Duplex communication where the uplink is separated from
downlink by different time slots in the same frequency band.
Transmit Diversity -
A technique to diminish the effects of fading by transmitting the
same information from two or more independent sources.
TRX - Transciever -
A device that can both transmit and receive signals.
TT - Test Tolerance -
The allowable error of a measurement’s accuracy.
TTI - Transmission Time Intervals -
The duration of transmission allowed for a frame on a
mobile network. 5G NR allows for different transmission time
durations based on the unique requirements of a class of traffic, creating differentiated classes of service, similar to
those found on an IP network.
Tx - Transmit -
In wireless communications, the act of sending data through
the air from one device to another device or group of devices.
UDM - Unified Data Management -
A significant component of the 5G core network that stores
subscriber data and profiles.
UE - User Equipment -
A subscriber’s mobile device, such as a cell phone, tablet, or
modem.
UE Emulation -
The simulation of subscriber user equipment (UE) usage behaviors.
UF-OFDM - Universal Filtered Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing -
A form of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
modulation that improves out-of-band (OOB) characteristics by
filtering the frequency band.
UL - Uplink -
Uplink describes the direction of communication from a user’s handset to a DAS Head-End or BTS
UPCL - Uplink Classifier -
Network functionality supported by the user plane function
(UPF) that diverts traffic to local data networks based on filters
applied to the user equipment traffic.
UPF - User Plane Function -
The 5G equivalent of the packet gateway in a 4G LTE network.
The user plane function includes features to support packet
routing and forwarding, interconnection to other data networks,
and policy enforcement. Also known as the data plane.
uRLLC - Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications -
One of three key use cases defined in 5G NR. uRLLC focuses
on applications that require fail-safe, real-time communications.
Examples include remote surgery, industrial internet, smart
grids, infrastructure protection, intelligent transportation
systems and autonomous vehicles.
UW-OFDM - Unique Word Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing -
An orthogonal frequency division (OFDM) multiplexing
technique that uses an arbitrary deterministic sequence as the
guard interval rather than the random cyclic prefixes used in
cyclic prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM). UW-OFDM provides the same
benefits as CP — including protecting the OFDM signals from
intersymbol interference (ISI). CP-OFDM offers benefits for
synchronization and channel estimation purposes since it uses
known sequences.
V2X - Vehicle-To-Everything -
The passing of information between vehicles and roadway
infrastructure to facilitate road safety and traffic efficiency.
vEPC - Virtual EPC -
A core network in an LTE system built with SDN-enabled
white-box switches and virtual network functions instead of
purpose-built hardware.
VSG - Vector Signal Generator -
Electronic equipment that generates digitally modulated signals
for testing and measuring digital components and receivers.
VSWR - Voltage Standing Wave Ratio -
The ratio of maximum to minimum voltage in a transmission.
VVM - Vector Voltmeter -
Electronic equipment that measures the phase and voltage of
two input signals of the same frequency.
W-OFDM - Windowed Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing -
An orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
technique where each symbol is windowed and overlapped in
the time domain, reducing the spectral sidelobes.
WCDMA - Wideband Code Division Multiple Access -
A 3G standard for a radio communication system that
provides high-speed data and voice communication services.
WDM - Wave Division Multiplexing -
An optical technology that allows for the transmission of two separate signals over a single strand of fiber optic cable. In iDAS and oDAS environments, such technology is usually used to optically connect a DAS Head-End with a Remote Unit
WLAN - Wireless Local Access Network -
Network that links two or more devices using wireless methods. Usually covers relatively small area and typically acccessed via WiFi but other methods are available.
Xn Interface -
A logical interface that interconnects RAN nodes. That is, it
interconnects gNB to gNB and eLTE eNB to gNB and vice versa.
STAY CONNECTED:
FOLLOW US:
TEXT "5G" to 474747:
Opt in to receive text messages from DASpedia.